Trade‑offs and timing of leaf defenses during development in co‑occurring evergreen and deciduous Quercus

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dc.contributor.authorSancho Knapik, Domingo
dc.contributor.authorUrcola Lázaro, Nerea
dc.contributor.authorAlonso Forn, David
dc.contributor.authorMartín Sánchez, Rubén
dc.contributor.authorPeguero Pina, José Javier
dc.contributor.authorFerrio Díaz, Juan Pedro
dc.contributor.authorGil Pelegrín, Eustaquio
dc.contributor.orcidSancho Knapik, Domingo [0000-0001-9584-7471]
dc.contributor.orcidPeguero Pina, José Javier [0000-0002-8903-2935]
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-26T13:27:23Z
dc.date.available2026-02-26T13:27:23Z
dc.date.issued2026-02-19
dc.date.updated2026-02-23T09:24:32Z
dc.description.abstractContext: Young, expanding leaves are nutrient-rich and mechanically weak, making them highly attractive to herbivores. How defense timing and allocation differ during development between co-occurring evergreen and deciduous species remains unclear. Aims: We tested whether evergreen oaks invest more in direct defenses during leaf development than deciduous oaks, and whether each habit prioritizes distinct defensive traits across stages. Methods: In a Mediterranean common garden, we monitored co-occurring evergreen Quercus rotundifoliaand deciduous Q. faginea from budburst to leaf maturity, measuring growth and defense traits. Seasonal trajectories and toughness–tannin relationships were analyzed, and patterns validated with three additional evergreen and three deciduous congeners. Results: Leaf area reached its maximum before LMA, creating a juvenile phase with low fibre content and toughness. The evergreen oak increased condensed tannins concentration early, then work of fracture; the deciduous oak grew faster initially, then reinforced mechanically and delayed tannins. Across stages, the evergreen kept higher work of fracture and condensed tannins, while the deciduous prioritized early growth; defense trade-off patterns were habit-specific and consistent across species. Conclusion: Leaf-habit–specific defense schedules shape protection: evergreens front-load chemical defenses before structural hardening, while deciduous oaks prioritize tolerance and earlier mechanical reinforcement, patterns with potential implications for herbivore pressure and associational dynamics in mixed stands.
dc.description.peerreviewedNo
dc.description.sponsorshipEsta investigación ha sido financiada por la subvención PID2022-136478OB-C32, financiada por MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 y por «FEDER: una forma de hacer Europa»; por la subvención CNS2022-136156 financiada por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 y la Unión Europea Next Generation EU/PRTR; por la subvención PID2023-149430NB-I00 financiada por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 y FEDER, UE; por la subvención REGAGE23e00064750551 financiada por MAPA y FEADER; y por el grupo de investigación S74_23R del Gobierno de Aragón. El trabajo de NUL cuenta con el apoyo de un contrato FPI PREP2023-001647. La investigación de DAF cuenta con el apoyo de un contrato Juan de la Cierva JDC2023-051418-I financiado por MICIU/AEI/10. 13039/501100011033 y FSE+; y por el Pla Anual d'Impuls del Turisme Sostenible 2023 del Govern de les Illes Balears (ITS2023‑086).
dc.identifier.citationSancho-Knapik, D., Urcola-Lázaro, N., Alonso‑Forn, D., Martín‑Sánchez, R., Peguero‑Pina, J. J., Ferrio, J. P., & Gil‑Pelegrín, E. (2026). Trade‑offs and timing of leaf defenses during development in co‑occurring evergreen and deciduous Quercus. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8639643/v1
dc.identifier.doi10.21203/rs.3.rs-8639643/v1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8639643/v1
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10532/8151
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherResearch Square Company
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2022-136478OB-C32/ES/Funcionamiento fisiológico de las quercíneas hospedadoras colonizadas por trufa, impacto de las limitaciones hídricas y nutricionales/TUBERLINK
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación/Plan Estratégico de la PAC (PEPAC) 2023-2027/Nuevas tecnologías en el manejo de plantaciones truferas para la mejora del rendimiento económico de las explotaciones/TECNOTRUF
dc.relation.citaSi
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8639643/v1
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subject.agrovocTanino
dc.subject.agrovocReacción bioquímica
dc.subject.agrovocTasa de crecimiento
dc.subject.agrovocHoja
dc.subject.agrovocQuercus
dc.subject.agrovocFractura
dc.subject.sdgVida de ecosistemas terrestres
dc.titleTrade‑offs and timing of leaf defenses during development in co‑occurring evergreen and deciduous Quercus
dc.typeartículo preliminar
dc.type.hasVersionversión original del autor

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