Almond: Domestication, Germplasm, Drought Stress Tolerance and Genetic Improvement Perspectives

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dc.contributor.authorDistefano, Gaetano
dc.contributor.authorKodad, Ossama
dc.contributor.authorInzirillo, Ilaria
dc.contributor.authorAllach, Khaoula
dc.contributor.authorCatalano, Chiara
dc.contributor.authorLuca, Leonardo Paul
dc.contributor.authorRuiz Artiga, Virginia
dc.contributor.authorEspiau Ramírez, María Teresa
dc.contributor.authorGrimplet, Jérôme
dc.contributor.authorBielsa Pérez, Beatriz
dc.contributor.authorErami, Meryem
dc.contributor.authorUzun, Aydin
dc.contributor.authorEl Yaacoubi, Adnane
dc.contributor.authorRubio Cabetas, María José
dc.contributor.funderPartnership on Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area
dc.contributor.funderAgencia Estatal de Investigación
dc.contributor.orcidEspiau Ramírez, María Teresa [0000-0003-4287-4606]
dc.contributor.orcidGrimplet, Jérôme [0000-0002-3265-4012]
dc.contributor.orcidRubio Cabetas, María José [0000-0002-3455-0145]
dc.contributor.orcidBielsa Pérez, Beatriz [0000-0002-4614-1592]
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-30T11:00:28Z
dc.date.available2026-04-30T11:00:28Z
dc.date.issued2026-04-17
dc.date.updated2026-04-20T10:04:35Z
dc.description.abstractAlmond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) is one of the most economically important nut crops worldwide, valued for its nutritional properties and adaptability to diverse agroecological environments. This review summarizes current knowledge on almond domestication, genetic diversity, production trends, and improvement strategies, with a focus on drought tolerance under climate change. Archaeobotanical and molecular evidence indicate central Asia and the eastern Mediterranean as key centers of origin, where recurrent introgression from wild Prunus species contributed to the high genetic variability of cultivated almond. Global production trends reveal increasing challenges due to prolonged drought, climate variability, and rising water and energy costs, particularly affecting major producers such as the United States. Mediterranean regions are transitioning from traditional low-density orchards to intensive systems, where cultivar and rootstock choice are crucial for sustainability. Self-fertile and late-blooming cultivars improve yield stability, while interspecific hybrid rootstocks enhance water use efficiency and tolerance to drought and poor soils. Drought stress impacts almond physiology and yield, although moderate deficit irrigation can maintain productivity and improve kernel quality. Future improvement relies on germplasm conservation, marker-assisted selection, and genomic tools to develop climate-resilient cultivars integrated with sustainable water management strategies.
dc.description.sponsorshipEsta investigación ha sido financiada por el proyecto PRIMA MEDPOMESTONE «Valorización de la variabilidad del germoplasma de algunas frutas de pepita y de hueso para garantizar la resiliencia al cambio climático en la zona mediterránea» (ID 1680).
dc.identifier.citationDistefano, G., Kodad, O., Inzirillo, I., Allach, K., Catalano, C., Luca, L. P., Ruiz Artiga, V., Espiau Ramírez, M. T., Grimplet, J., Bielsa, B., Erami, M., Uzun, A., El Yaacoubi, A., & Rubio-Cabetas, M. J. (2026). Almond: Domestication, Germplasm, Drought Stress Tolerance and Genetic Improvement Perspectives. Horticulturae, 12(4), 493. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12040493
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/horticulturae12040493
dc.identifier.issn2311-7524
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12040493
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10532/8237
dc.language.isoes
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/Agreement/EC/PRIMA/PCI2022‑133002/ES/Valorizing some pome and stone fruit germplasm variability to ensure resilience to climate change in the Mediterranean area/MEDPOME-STONE
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica, Técnica y de Innovación 2024-2027/PCI2022‑133002/ES/Valorizing some pome and stone fruit germplasm variability to ensure resilience to climate change in the Mediterranean area/MEDPOME-STONE
dc.relation.citaSi
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12040493
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subject.agrovocPrunus dulcis
dc.subject.agrovocDiversidad genética (recurso)
dc.subject.agrovocElección de variedades
dc.subject.agrovocPortainjerto
dc.subject.agrovocMejora genética
dc.subject.agrovocResistencia a la sequía
dc.subject.agrovocMarcadores moleculares
dc.subject.sdgHambre cero
dc.titleAlmond: Domestication, Germplasm, Drought Stress Tolerance and Genetic Improvement Perspectives
dc.typeartículo de revisión
dc.type.hasVersionversión publicada

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